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Nationalism
Nationalism was the most successful political force of the 19th
century. It emerged from two main sources: the Romantic exaltation
of "feeling" and "identity" [see Herder above all on this] and the
Liberal requirement that a legitimate state be based on a
"people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial
domination. Both Romantic "identity nationalism" and Liberal "civic
nationalism" were essentially middle class movements. There were two
main ways of exemplification: the French method of "inclusion" -
essentially that anyone who accepted loyalty to the civil French state
was a "citizen". In practice this meant the enforcement of a
considerable degree of uniformity, for instance the destruction of
regional languages. The US can be seen to have, eventually, adopted this
ideal of civic inclusive nationalism. The German method, required by
political circumstances, was todefine the "nation" in ethnic terms.
Ethnicity in practice came down to speaking German and (perhaps) having
a German name. For the largely German-speaking Slavic middle
classes of Prague, Agram etc. who took up the nationalist ideal, the
ethnic aspect became even more important than it had been for
the Germans. It is debateable whether, in practice, all
nationalisms ended up as Chauvinistic and aggressive, but the very
nature of nationalism requires that boundaries be drawn. Unless
these boundaries are purely civic, successful nationalism, in many cases
produced a situation in which substantial groups of outsiders were left
within "nation-states".
- WEB Nationalism
Links [At nl.net]
- Nationalism and
Music [At this Site]
A multimedia exploration of themes in the
developmental stages of nationalism.
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Patrie,
in The Philosophical Dictionary, 1752 [At this
Site]
Voltaire's attack on national chauvinism - and his views than
people should be citizens of the world. It was this view that was
rejected by nationalists.
- Analyses
- Non-National Forms of Government
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Cultural
Nationalism: The Nation as Positive Focus of
Identity
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Liberal
Nationalism: The Nation as a Basis for Liberal
Democracy
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762?814): Addresses to
the German Nation, 1806 [At this Site]
Political nationalism as
a response to Napoleon.
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762?814):: Address To
The German Nation, 1807 [At this Site]
- Giuseppe Mazzini (1802-1872): An Essay On
the Duties of Man Addressed to Workingmen [At Hanover]
Mazzini is
perhaps the premier representative of Liberal Nationalism.
- Giuseppe Mazzini (1802-1872): On
Nationality as a Key to Social Development, 1852, excerpts [At this
Site]
- Louis Kossuth (1802-1894): Speech
in Washington DC, January 7, 1852 [At Hnet]
Kossuth was a
leading Hungarian Nationalist.
- Heinrich von Gagern: German Student Movement
- Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847): Justice for
Ireland, Speech to House of Commons, Feb 4, 1836 [At this Site]
- Theodor Herzl (1860-1904): On the Jewish
State, 1896, excerpts [At this Site]
- Theodor Herzl (1860-1904): The Jewish
State, 1896 [At this Site]
- Proclamation of
the Irish Republic, Easter 1916 [readable image file of poster] [At
this Site]
- Henry W. Massingham: Ireland,
1916--And Beyond, The Atlantic Monthly, December1916 [At
The Atlantic]
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Triumphal
Nationalism: The Nation as a Claim to Superiority
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NOTES:
Dates of accession of material added since July 1998 can be seen in
the New
Additions page.. The date of inception was 9/22/1997.
Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some
indication of the site name or location]. Locally available
texts are marked by [At this Site].
WEB indicates a link to
one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more
texts or an especially valuable overview.
Since September 22, 1997, this site has been accessed
times
[the counter is approximate
since it only records graphical hits.]
The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is
part of the
Internet History
Sourcebooks Project.
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created 1997: last revised
5/1/2001 |
